Rank blood-pressure effects for drugs, supplements, exercise, diets and weight loss together. Compare defined doses and controls, distinguish pooled results from dose-based estimates, and inspect the source populations.
99 interventions indexed
Rank intervention effects together
Compare drugs and supplements against placebo, exercise against no exercise, diets against a control diet, weight loss by kilogram, and sodium targets from 3.4 g/day. Every row keeps its dose and comparison.
This is a numerical comparison across different study populations and durations. It is not a head-to-head treatment ranking or a personalized forecast. Negative values mean lower BP.
Dose and adherence: weight loss of 1–10 kg uses a published per-kg coefficient and is labeled as calculated. Exercise averages are labeled “dose varies across studies”; the published aerobic 150 min/week estimate is a separate row. Supplement doses vary by trial.
Walking, running and cycling also contribute to the broad aerobic category. Exercise evidence sets overlap; these rows are not independent treatment comparisons.
Sodium targets are calculated from an assumed 3.4 g/day starting intake and an achieved reduction. They use sodium weight, not salt weight, and are not separate pooled trial results.
Full DASH uses pooled provided-meal trials. “100% vegan” describes the diet prescription; neither diet estimate proves 100% achieved adherence. Drug class dose fractions use the source review’s definitions. These rows are alternatives and overlapping scenarios; their effects must not be added together.
1. Drug · Published pooled averageHydrochlorothiazide · 50 mg/dayPrimary hypertension; hydrochlorothiazide trial baseline about 155/100 mmHg · Comparison and sources−11.0 mmHgSBP difference
Hydrochlorothiazide 50 mg/day
Compared with
Placebo
Population
Primary hypertension; hydrochlorothiazide trial baseline about 155/100 mmHg
Measurement
Trough BP
Timing
3–12 weeks
Published abstract precision. The 33 hydrochlorothiazide trials span all doses; an estimate-specific count is not assigned.
Source and calculation · Musini et al., 2014
Musini et al., 2014 · Cochrane review of fixed-dose placebo-controlled monotherapy trials.
Estimate-specific trial count not verified. The whole review includes 60 trials and 11,282 participants; totals must not be added across rows.
Short-term trough BP; underlying trial populations differ from other categories. Abstract values are rounded to whole mmHg.
2. Weight loss · Calculated from published per-kg estimateWeight loss · 10 kgAdults with varied baseline BP and medication use · Comparison and sources−10.5 mmHgSBP difference
10 kg net weight reduction
Compared with
No additional weight loss (calculated reference)
Population
Adults with varied baseline BP and medication use
Measurement
Source-defined BP; methods vary
Timing
Across source trial follow-up periods
10 × -1.05 mmHg/kg. Linear scenario from a published average coefficient, not a separate pooled result at 10 kg. Weight loss arose through diet, activity or both; their effects are not isolated. Do not add this to a diet/exercise effect.
Source and calculation · Neter et al., 2003
Neter et al., 2003 · Random-effects meta-analysis of weight-reduction trials.
This calculated scenario has no independent trial count. The whole review includes 25 trials and 4,874 participants; totals must not be added across rows.
Diet, physical activity or both produced weight loss. Multiplying the average per-kg coefficient assumes linearity; scenarios are not separate trials or personalized predictions.
Abstract: BP change expressed per kilogram. Checked 2026-10-20.
3. Drug · Published dose-response estimateAngiotensin II receptor blocker · standard dosePredominantly hypertension; mean baseline 154/97 mmHg; mean age 53; mostly-Black trials excluded · Comparison and sources−10.3 mmHgSBP difference
Standard dose as defined by the review; class-level monotherapy
Compared with
Placebo
Population
Predominantly hypertension; mean baseline 154/97 mmHg; mean age 53; mostly-Black trials excluded
Measurement
Average of peak and trough BP effects; not 24-hour ambulatory BP
Timing
Median 4 weeks
Class-level dose-response estimate. Dose fractions use the 2003 review definitions; they are not an individual drug prescription.
Source and calculation · Law et al., 2003
Law et al., 2003 · Dose-response synthesis of double-blind placebo-controlled trials.
Estimate-specific trial count not verified. The whole review includes 354 trials and 55,696 participants; totals must not be added across rows.
Predominantly hypertension; mean baseline 154/97 mmHg. Trials with mostly Black participants were excluded. Class estimates are not effects measured for each individual agent. Peak/trough averages are not ambulatory BP.
Table 2; Table 1 population and duration. Checked 2026-10-20.
4. Weight loss · Calculated from published per-kg estimateWeight loss · 9 kgAdults with varied baseline BP and medication use · Comparison and sources−9.5 mmHgSBP difference
9 kg net weight reduction
Compared with
No additional weight loss (calculated reference)
Population
Adults with varied baseline BP and medication use
Measurement
Source-defined BP; methods vary
Timing
Across source trial follow-up periods
9 × -1.05 mmHg/kg. Linear scenario from a published average coefficient, not a separate pooled result at 9 kg. Weight loss arose through diet, activity or both; their effects are not isolated. Do not add this to a diet/exercise effect.
Source and calculation · Neter et al., 2003
Neter et al., 2003 · Random-effects meta-analysis of weight-reduction trials.
This calculated scenario has no independent trial count. The whole review includes 25 trials and 4,874 participants; totals must not be added across rows.
Diet, physical activity or both produced weight loss. Multiplying the average per-kg coefficient assumes linearity; scenarios are not separate trials or personalized predictions.
Abstract: BP change expressed per kilogram. Checked 2026-10-20.
5. Drug · Published dose-response estimateBeta blocker · standard dosePredominantly hypertension; mean baseline 154/97 mmHg; mean age 53; mostly-Black trials excluded · Comparison and sources−9.2 mmHgSBP difference
Standard dose as defined by the review; class-level monotherapy
Compared with
Placebo
Population
Predominantly hypertension; mean baseline 154/97 mmHg; mean age 53; mostly-Black trials excluded
Measurement
Average of peak and trough BP effects; not 24-hour ambulatory BP
Timing
Median 4 weeks
Class-level dose-response estimate. Dose fractions use the 2003 review definitions; they are not an individual drug prescription.
Source and calculation · Law et al., 2003
Law et al., 2003 · Dose-response synthesis of double-blind placebo-controlled trials.
Estimate-specific trial count not verified. The whole review includes 354 trials and 55,696 participants; totals must not be added across rows.
Predominantly hypertension; mean baseline 154/97 mmHg. Trials with mostly Black participants were excluded. Class estimates are not effects measured for each individual agent. Peak/trough averages are not ambulatory BP.
Table 2; Table 1 population and duration. Checked 2026-10-20.
6. Drug · Published dose-response estimateCalcium channel blocker · standard dosePredominantly hypertension; mean baseline 154/97 mmHg; mean age 53; mostly-Black trials excluded · Comparison and sources−8.8 mmHgSBP differenceSame rounded effect
Standard dose as defined by the review; class-level monotherapy
Compared with
Placebo
Population
Predominantly hypertension; mean baseline 154/97 mmHg; mean age 53; mostly-Black trials excluded
Measurement
Average of peak and trough BP effects; not 24-hour ambulatory BP
Timing
Median 4 weeks
Class-level dose-response estimate. Dose fractions use the 2003 review definitions; they are not an individual drug prescription.
Source and calculation · Law et al., 2003
Law et al., 2003 · Dose-response synthesis of double-blind placebo-controlled trials.
Estimate-specific trial count not verified. The whole review includes 354 trials and 55,696 participants; totals must not be added across rows.
Predominantly hypertension; mean baseline 154/97 mmHg. Trials with mostly Black participants were excluded. Class estimates are not effects measured for each individual agent. Peak/trough averages are not ambulatory BP.
Table 2; Table 1 population and duration. Checked 2026-10-20.
7. Drug · Published dose-response estimateThiazide diuretic · standard dosePredominantly hypertension; mean baseline 154/97 mmHg; mean age 53; mostly-Black trials excluded · Comparison and sources−8.8 mmHgSBP differenceSame rounded effect
Standard dose as defined by the review; class-level monotherapy
Compared with
Placebo
Population
Predominantly hypertension; mean baseline 154/97 mmHg; mean age 53; mostly-Black trials excluded
Measurement
Average of peak and trough BP effects; not 24-hour ambulatory BP
Timing
Median 4 weeks
Class-level dose-response estimate. Dose fractions use the 2003 review definitions; they are not an individual drug prescription.
Source and calculation · Law et al., 2003
Law et al., 2003 · Dose-response synthesis of double-blind placebo-controlled trials.
Estimate-specific trial count not verified. The whole review includes 354 trials and 55,696 participants; totals must not be added across rows.
Predominantly hypertension; mean baseline 154/97 mmHg. Trials with mostly Black participants were excluded. Class estimates are not effects measured for each individual agent. Peak/trough averages are not ambulatory BP.
Table 2; Table 1 population and duration. Checked 2026-10-20.
8. Drug · Published dose-response estimateACE inhibitor · standard dosePredominantly hypertension; mean baseline 154/97 mmHg; mean age 53; mostly-Black trials excluded · Comparison and sources−8.5 mmHgSBP difference
Standard dose as defined by the review; class-level monotherapy
Compared with
Placebo
Population
Predominantly hypertension; mean baseline 154/97 mmHg; mean age 53; mostly-Black trials excluded
Measurement
Average of peak and trough BP effects; not 24-hour ambulatory BP
Timing
Median 4 weeks
Class-level dose-response estimate. Dose fractions use the 2003 review definitions; they are not an individual drug prescription.
Source and calculation · Law et al., 2003
Law et al., 2003 · Dose-response synthesis of double-blind placebo-controlled trials.
Estimate-specific trial count not verified. The whole review includes 354 trials and 55,696 participants; totals must not be added across rows.
Predominantly hypertension; mean baseline 154/97 mmHg. Trials with mostly Black participants were excluded. Class estimates are not effects measured for each individual agent. Peak/trough averages are not ambulatory BP.
Table 2; Table 1 population and duration. Checked 2026-10-20.
9. Weight loss · Calculated from published per-kg estimateWeight loss · 8 kgAdults with varied baseline BP and medication use · Comparison and sources−8.4 mmHgSBP difference
8 kg net weight reduction
Compared with
No additional weight loss (calculated reference)
Population
Adults with varied baseline BP and medication use
Measurement
Source-defined BP; methods vary
Timing
Across source trial follow-up periods
8 × -1.05 mmHg/kg. Linear scenario from a published average coefficient, not a separate pooled result at 8 kg. Weight loss arose through diet, activity or both; their effects are not isolated. Do not add this to a diet/exercise effect.
Source and calculation · Neter et al., 2003
Neter et al., 2003 · Random-effects meta-analysis of weight-reduction trials.
This calculated scenario has no independent trial count. The whole review includes 25 trials and 4,874 participants; totals must not be added across rows.
Diet, physical activity or both produced weight loss. Multiplying the average per-kg coefficient assumes linearity; scenarios are not separate trials or personalized predictions.
Abstract: BP change expressed per kilogram. Checked 2026-10-20.
10. Exercise · Published pooled averageIsometric exercise · dose varies across studiesMixed baseline BP across trials; proportions differ by exercise type · Comparison and sources−8.2 mmHgSBP difference
Isometric exercise training
Compared with
Non-intervention control
Population
Mixed baseline BP across trials; proportions differ by exercise type
Measurement
Resting SBP / DBP
Timing
At least 2 weeks; exact protocols vary
Published pooled average across study protocols, not a fixed-dose estimate. Dose varies across studies. Walking, running and cycling overlap with the broad aerobic category; these evidence sets and effects must not be added together.
Source and calculation · Edwards et al., 2023
Edwards et al., 2023 · Published pairwise meta-analysis; weighted mean differences.
24 effect sizes in the source analysis. The whole review includes 270 trials and 15,827 participants; totals must not be added across rows.
Exercise categories overlap: running, walking and cycling are subsets of aerobic exercise. Counts of effect sizes are not independent trial counts. Differences in baseline BP and protocols remain; ordering does not establish superiority.
11. Drug · Published pooled averageHydrochlorothiazide · 25 mg/dayPrimary hypertension; hydrochlorothiazide trial baseline about 155/100 mmHg · Comparison and sources−8.0 mmHgSBP difference
Hydrochlorothiazide 25 mg/day
Compared with
Placebo
Population
Primary hypertension; hydrochlorothiazide trial baseline about 155/100 mmHg
Measurement
Trough BP
Timing
3–12 weeks
Published abstract precision. The 33 hydrochlorothiazide trials span all doses; an estimate-specific count is not assigned.
Source and calculation · Musini et al., 2014
Musini et al., 2014 · Cochrane review of fixed-dose placebo-controlled monotherapy trials.
Estimate-specific trial count not verified. The whole review includes 60 trials and 11,282 participants; totals must not be added across rows.
Short-term trough BP; underlying trial populations differ from other categories. Abstract values are rounded to whole mmHg.
12. Drug · Published dose-response estimateAngiotensin II receptor blocker · half standard dosePredominantly hypertension; mean baseline 154/97 mmHg; mean age 53; mostly-Black trials excluded · Comparison and sources−7.8 mmHgSBP difference
Half standard dose as defined by the review; class-level monotherapy
Compared with
Placebo
Population
Predominantly hypertension; mean baseline 154/97 mmHg; mean age 53; mostly-Black trials excluded
Measurement
Average of peak and trough BP effects; not 24-hour ambulatory BP
Timing
Median 4 weeks
Class-level dose-response estimate. Dose fractions use the 2003 review definitions; they are not an individual drug prescription.
Source and calculation · Law et al., 2003
Law et al., 2003 · Dose-response synthesis of double-blind placebo-controlled trials.
Estimate-specific trial count not verified. The whole review includes 354 trials and 55,696 participants; totals must not be added across rows.
Predominantly hypertension; mean baseline 154/97 mmHg. Trials with mostly Black participants were excluded. Class estimates are not effects measured for each individual agent. Peak/trough averages are not ambulatory BP.
Table 2; Table 1 population and duration. Checked 2026-10-20.
13. Drug · Published dose-response estimateBeta blocker · half standard dosePredominantly hypertension; mean baseline 154/97 mmHg; mean age 53; mostly-Black trials excluded · Comparison and sources−7.4 mmHgSBP differenceSame rounded effect
Half standard dose as defined by the review; class-level monotherapy
Compared with
Placebo
Population
Predominantly hypertension; mean baseline 154/97 mmHg; mean age 53; mostly-Black trials excluded
Measurement
Average of peak and trough BP effects; not 24-hour ambulatory BP
Timing
Median 4 weeks
Class-level dose-response estimate. Dose fractions use the 2003 review definitions; they are not an individual drug prescription.
Source and calculation · Law et al., 2003
Law et al., 2003 · Dose-response synthesis of double-blind placebo-controlled trials.
Estimate-specific trial count not verified. The whole review includes 354 trials and 55,696 participants; totals must not be added across rows.
Predominantly hypertension; mean baseline 154/97 mmHg. Trials with mostly Black participants were excluded. Class estimates are not effects measured for each individual agent. Peak/trough averages are not ambulatory BP.
Table 2; Table 1 population and duration. Checked 2026-10-20.
14. Drug · Published dose-response estimateThiazide diuretic · half standard dosePredominantly hypertension; mean baseline 154/97 mmHg; mean age 53; mostly-Black trials excluded · Comparison and sources−7.4 mmHgSBP differenceSame rounded effect
Half standard dose as defined by the review; class-level monotherapy
Compared with
Placebo
Population
Predominantly hypertension; mean baseline 154/97 mmHg; mean age 53; mostly-Black trials excluded
Measurement
Average of peak and trough BP effects; not 24-hour ambulatory BP
Timing
Median 4 weeks
Class-level dose-response estimate. Dose fractions use the 2003 review definitions; they are not an individual drug prescription.
Source and calculation · Law et al., 2003
Law et al., 2003 · Dose-response synthesis of double-blind placebo-controlled trials.
Estimate-specific trial count not verified. The whole review includes 354 trials and 55,696 participants; totals must not be added across rows.
Predominantly hypertension; mean baseline 154/97 mmHg. Trials with mostly Black participants were excluded. Class estimates are not effects measured for each individual agent. Peak/trough averages are not ambulatory BP.
Table 2; Table 1 population and duration. Checked 2026-10-20.
15. Weight loss · Calculated from published per-kg estimateWeight loss · 7 kgAdults with varied baseline BP and medication use · Comparison and sources−7.4 mmHgSBP differenceSame rounded effect
7 kg net weight reduction
Compared with
No additional weight loss (calculated reference)
Population
Adults with varied baseline BP and medication use
Measurement
Source-defined BP; methods vary
Timing
Across source trial follow-up periods
7 × -1.05 mmHg/kg. Linear scenario from a published average coefficient, not a separate pooled result at 7 kg. Weight loss arose through diet, activity or both; their effects are not isolated. Do not add this to a diet/exercise effect.
Source and calculation · Neter et al., 2003
Neter et al., 2003 · Random-effects meta-analysis of weight-reduction trials.
This calculated scenario has no independent trial count. The whole review includes 25 trials and 4,874 participants; totals must not be added across rows.
Diet, physical activity or both produced weight loss. Multiplying the average per-kg coefficient assumes linearity; scenarios are not separate trials or personalized predictions.
Abstract: BP change expressed per kilogram. Checked 2026-10-20.
16. Exercise · Published dose-response estimateAerobic exercise · 150 min/weekAdults with hypertension · Comparison and sources−7.2 mmHgSBP difference
150 minutes/week of aerobic training; modalities and intensities vary
Compared with
Non-exercise control
Population
Adults with hypertension
Measurement
Resting BP; measurement methods vary
Timing
End of training; trial durations vary
Published nonlinear dose-response estimate across 34 trials. No single intensity or running-specific effect is inferred. Abstract, nonlinear model at 150 min/week.
Source and calculation · Jabbarzadeh Ganjeh et al., 2024
34 trials in the source analysis. The whole review includes 34 trials and 1,787 participants; totals must not be added across rows.
Adults with hypertension. Different aerobic modalities/intensities contribute. SBP certainty low and DBP moderate; not a running-specific estimate.
Abstract: nonlinear estimate at 150 min/week. Checked 2026-10-20.
17. Drug · Published dose-response estimateACE inhibitor · half standard dosePredominantly hypertension; mean baseline 154/97 mmHg; mean age 53; mostly-Black trials excluded · Comparison and sources−6.9 mmHgSBP differenceSame rounded effect
Half standard dose as defined by the review; class-level monotherapy
Compared with
Placebo
Population
Predominantly hypertension; mean baseline 154/97 mmHg; mean age 53; mostly-Black trials excluded
Measurement
Average of peak and trough BP effects; not 24-hour ambulatory BP
Timing
Median 4 weeks
Class-level dose-response estimate. Dose fractions use the 2003 review definitions; they are not an individual drug prescription.
Source and calculation · Law et al., 2003
Law et al., 2003 · Dose-response synthesis of double-blind placebo-controlled trials.
Estimate-specific trial count not verified. The whole review includes 354 trials and 55,696 participants; totals must not be added across rows.
Predominantly hypertension; mean baseline 154/97 mmHg. Trials with mostly Black participants were excluded. Class estimates are not effects measured for each individual agent. Peak/trough averages are not ambulatory BP.
Table 2; Table 1 population and duration. Checked 2026-10-20.
18. Exercise · Published pooled averageCycling · dose varies across studiesMixed baseline BP across trials; proportions differ by exercise type · Comparison and sources−6.9 mmHgSBP differenceSame rounded effect
Cycling training
Compared with
Non-intervention control
Population
Mixed baseline BP across trials; proportions differ by exercise type
Measurement
Resting SBP / DBP
Timing
At least 2 weeks; exact protocols vary
Published pooled average across study protocols, not a fixed-dose estimate. Dose varies across studies. Walking, running and cycling overlap with the broad aerobic category; these evidence sets and effects must not be added together.
Source and calculation · Edwards et al., 2023
Edwards et al., 2023 · Published pairwise meta-analysis; weighted mean differences.
28 effect sizes in the source analysis. The whole review includes 270 trials and 15,827 participants; totals must not be added across rows.
Exercise categories overlap: running, walking and cycling are subsets of aerobic exercise. Counts of effect sizes are not independent trial counts. Differences in baseline BP and protocols remain; ordering does not establish superiority.
19. Exercise · Published pooled averageRunning · dose varies across studiesMixed baseline BP across trials; proportions differ by exercise type · Comparison and sources−6.8 mmHgSBP difference
Running training
Compared with
Non-intervention control
Population
Mixed baseline BP across trials; proportions differ by exercise type
Measurement
Resting SBP / DBP
Timing
At least 2 weeks; exact protocols vary
Published pooled average across study protocols, not a fixed-dose estimate. Dose varies across studies. Walking, running and cycling overlap with the broad aerobic category; these evidence sets and effects must not be added together.
Source and calculation · Edwards et al., 2023
Edwards et al., 2023 · Published pairwise meta-analysis; weighted mean differences.
21 effect sizes in the source analysis. The whole review includes 270 trials and 15,827 participants; totals must not be added across rows.
Exercise categories overlap: running, walking and cycling are subsets of aerobic exercise. Counts of effect sizes are not independent trial counts. Differences in baseline BP and protocols remain; ordering does not establish superiority.
20. Weight loss · Calculated from published per-kg estimateWeight loss · 6 kgAdults with varied baseline BP and medication use · Comparison and sources−6.3 mmHgSBP difference
6 kg net weight reduction
Compared with
No additional weight loss (calculated reference)
Population
Adults with varied baseline BP and medication use
Measurement
Source-defined BP; methods vary
Timing
Across source trial follow-up periods
6 × -1.05 mmHg/kg. Linear scenario from a published average coefficient, not a separate pooled result at 6 kg. Weight loss arose through diet, activity or both; their effects are not isolated. Do not add this to a diet/exercise effect.
Source and calculation · Neter et al., 2003
Neter et al., 2003 · Random-effects meta-analysis of weight-reduction trials.
This calculated scenario has no independent trial count. The whole review includes 25 trials and 4,874 participants; totals must not be added across rows.
Diet, physical activity or both produced weight loss. Multiplying the average per-kg coefficient assumes linearity; scenarios are not separate trials or personalized predictions.
Abstract: BP change expressed per kilogram. Checked 2026-10-20.
21. Exercise · Published pooled averageAerobic + resistance training · dose varies across studiesMixed baseline BP across trials; proportions differ by exercise type · Comparison and sources−6.0 mmHgSBP differenceSame rounded effect
Combined aerobic and resistance training
Compared with
Non-intervention control
Population
Mixed baseline BP across trials; proportions differ by exercise type
Measurement
Resting SBP / DBP
Timing
At least 2 weeks; exact protocols vary
Published pooled average across study protocols, not a fixed-dose estimate. Dose varies across studies. Walking, running and cycling overlap with the broad aerobic category; these evidence sets and effects must not be added together.
Source and calculation · Edwards et al., 2023
Edwards et al., 2023 · Published pairwise meta-analysis; weighted mean differences.
46 effect sizes in the source analysis. The whole review includes 270 trials and 15,827 participants; totals must not be added across rows.
Exercise categories overlap: running, walking and cycling are subsets of aerobic exercise. Counts of effect sizes are not independent trial counts. Differences in baseline BP and protocols remain; ordering does not establish superiority.
22. Drug · Published pooled averageHydrochlorothiazide · 12.5 mg/dayPrimary hypertension; hydrochlorothiazide trial baseline about 155/100 mmHg · Comparison and sources−6.0 mmHgSBP differenceSame rounded effect
Hydrochlorothiazide 12.5 mg/day
Compared with
Placebo
Population
Primary hypertension; hydrochlorothiazide trial baseline about 155/100 mmHg
Measurement
Trough BP
Timing
3–12 weeks
Published abstract precision. The 33 hydrochlorothiazide trials span all doses; an estimate-specific count is not assigned.
Source and calculation · Musini et al., 2014
Musini et al., 2014 · Cochrane review of fixed-dose placebo-controlled monotherapy trials.
Estimate-specific trial count not verified. The whole review includes 60 trials and 11,282 participants; totals must not be added across rows.
Short-term trough BP; underlying trial populations differ from other categories. Abstract values are rounded to whole mmHg.
23. Drug · Published dose-response estimateCalcium channel blocker · half standard dosePredominantly hypertension; mean baseline 154/97 mmHg; mean age 53; mostly-Black trials excluded · Comparison and sources−5.9 mmHgSBP difference
Half standard dose as defined by the review; class-level monotherapy
Compared with
Placebo
Population
Predominantly hypertension; mean baseline 154/97 mmHg; mean age 53; mostly-Black trials excluded
Measurement
Average of peak and trough BP effects; not 24-hour ambulatory BP
Timing
Median 4 weeks
Class-level dose-response estimate. Dose fractions use the 2003 review definitions; they are not an individual drug prescription.
Source and calculation · Law et al., 2003
Law et al., 2003 · Dose-response synthesis of double-blind placebo-controlled trials.
Estimate-specific trial count not verified. The whole review includes 354 trials and 55,696 participants; totals must not be added across rows.
Predominantly hypertension; mean baseline 154/97 mmHg. Trials with mostly Black participants were excluded. Class estimates are not effects measured for each individual agent. Peak/trough averages are not ambulatory BP.
Table 2; Table 1 population and duration. Checked 2026-10-20.
24. Weight loss · Calculated from published per-kg estimateWeight loss · 5 kgAdults with varied baseline BP and medication use · Comparison and sources−5.3 mmHgSBP difference
5 kg net weight reduction
Compared with
No additional weight loss (calculated reference)
Population
Adults with varied baseline BP and medication use
Measurement
Source-defined BP; methods vary
Timing
Across source trial follow-up periods
5 × -1.05 mmHg/kg. Linear scenario from a published average coefficient, not a separate pooled result at 5 kg. Weight loss arose through diet, activity or both; their effects are not isolated. Do not add this to a diet/exercise effect.
Source and calculation · Neter et al., 2003
Neter et al., 2003 · Random-effects meta-analysis of weight-reduction trials.
This calculated scenario has no independent trial count. The whole review includes 25 trials and 4,874 participants; totals must not be added across rows.
Diet, physical activity or both produced weight loss. Multiplying the average per-kg coefficient assumes linearity; scenarios are not separate trials or personalized predictions.
Abstract: BP change expressed per kilogram. Checked 2026-10-20.
25. Supplement · Published pooled averageGarlicMixed baseline BP; trial populations differ by supplement · Comparison and sources−5.1 mmHgSBP difference
Garlic preparations; formulations vary
Compared with
Placebo
Population
Mixed baseline BP; trial populations differ by supplement
Measurement
Source-defined BP; measurement methods differ by review
Timing
BP follow-up range not verified in abstract
Placebo-controlled synthesis; formulations and doses vary. No fixed-dose effect is implied.
Source and calculation · Ried, 2016
Ried, 2016 · Published pooled mean difference across placebo-controlled trials.
Estimate-specific trial count not verified. The whole review includes 20 trials and 970 participants; totals must not be added across rows.
Preparations and populations vary. Values use the abstract’s published precision; a full formulation-specific synthesis is outside this display review.
Abstract: overall BP Results. Checked 2026-10-19.
26. Exercise · Published pooled averageResistance training · dose varies across studiesMixed baseline BP across trials; proportions differ by exercise type · Comparison and sources−4.6 mmHgSBP differenceSame rounded effect
Dynamic resistance training
Compared with
Non-intervention control
Population
Mixed baseline BP across trials; proportions differ by exercise type
Measurement
Resting SBP / DBP
Timing
At least 2 weeks; exact protocols vary
Published pooled average across study protocols, not a fixed-dose estimate. Dose varies across studies. Walking, running and cycling overlap with the broad aerobic category; these evidence sets and effects must not be added together.
Source and calculation · Edwards et al., 2023
Edwards et al., 2023 · Published pairwise meta-analysis; weighted mean differences.
57 effect sizes in the source analysis. The whole review includes 270 trials and 15,827 participants; totals must not be added across rows.
Exercise categories overlap: running, walking and cycling are subsets of aerobic exercise. Counts of effect sizes are not independent trial counts. Differences in baseline BP and protocols remain; ordering does not establish superiority.
27. Sodium · Calculated from published sodium dose-responseSodium · 3.4 → 1.5 g/dayAdults with and without hypertension; predominantly hypertension trials · Comparison and sources−4.6 mmHgSBP differenceSame rounded effect
Achieve 1500 mg/day sodium from 3400 mg/day; 1900 mg/day reduction
Adults with and without hypertension; predominantly hypertension trials
Measurement
Source-defined BP; sodium exposure measured by 24-hour urinary excretion
Timing
Trials lasting at least 4 weeks
1900 ÷ 2300 × -5.56 mmHg. Calculated with the review's overall linear model; not a separate pooled trial result at this target. Assumes the target is achieved and urinary sodium change represents intake change. Sodium, not salt weight. The 3.4 g/day baseline is a scenario, not a universal starting intake. Response varies with baseline BP; do not add this to DASH or other diet effects.
Source and calculation · Filippini et al., 2021
Filippini et al., 2021 · Random-effects dose-response meta-analysis; overall linear model.
This calculated scenario has no independent trial count. The whole review includes 85 trials; totals must not be added across rows.
Predominantly hypertension trials; effect varies by baseline BP. The linear calculation is an approximation of the review dose-response, not an exact spline contrast or a personalized effect. Urinary sodium is treated as an intake proxy; targets describe achieved exposure, not prescribed adherence.
Results: overall linear regression per 100 mmol/day lower urinary sodium. Checked 2026-10-20.
28. Exercise · Published pooled averageAerobic exercise · dose varies across studiesMixed baseline BP across trials; proportions differ by exercise type · Comparison and sources−4.5 mmHgSBP difference
Aerobic training, all modes
Compared with
Non-intervention control
Population
Mixed baseline BP across trials; proportions differ by exercise type
Measurement
Resting SBP / DBP
Timing
At least 2 weeks; exact protocols vary
Published pooled average across study protocols, not a fixed-dose estimate. Dose varies across studies. Walking, running and cycling overlap with the broad aerobic category; these evidence sets and effects must not be added together.
Source and calculation · Edwards et al., 2023
Edwards et al., 2023 · Published pairwise meta-analysis; weighted mean differences.
182 effect sizes in the source analysis. The whole review includes 270 trials and 15,827 participants; totals must not be added across rows.
Exercise categories overlap: running, walking and cycling are subsets of aerobic exercise. Counts of effect sizes are not independent trial counts. Differences in baseline BP and protocols remain; ordering does not establish superiority.
29. Diet · Published pooled averageDASH · full dietary pattern (provided meals)Adults with and without hypertension; controlled-feeding trials · Comparison and sources−4.4 mmHgSBP difference
Full DASH pattern supplied as study meals
Compared with
Control diet without DASH
Population
Adults with and without hypertension; controlled-feeding trials
Measurement
Attained BP during follow-up; measurement methods vary
Timing
Source trial durations vary
Closest pooled evidence to full adherence: controlled feeding, 7 trials. Exact 100% achieved adherence is not established; no adherence multiplier is applied. Control conditions, sodium and energy restrictions vary.
Source and calculation · Filippou et al., 2020
Filippou et al., 2020 · Published meta-analysis of attained mean differences; fixed/random-effects methods.
7 trials in the source analysis. The whole review includes 30 trials and 5,545 participants; totals must not be added across rows.
Sodium intake, age, feeding protocols and follow-up differ. This is not the DASH-plus-salt-restriction trial from the individual-study view.
Abstract: Methods and overall Results. Checked 2026-10-19.
30. Weight loss · Calculated from published per-kg estimateWeight loss · 4 kgAdults with varied baseline BP and medication use · Comparison and sources−4.2 mmHgSBP difference
4 kg net weight reduction
Compared with
No additional weight loss (calculated reference)
Population
Adults with varied baseline BP and medication use
Measurement
Source-defined BP; methods vary
Timing
Across source trial follow-up periods
4 × -1.05 mmHg/kg. Linear scenario from a published average coefficient, not a separate pooled result at 4 kg. Weight loss arose through diet, activity or both; their effects are not isolated. Do not add this to a diet/exercise effect.
Source and calculation · Neter et al., 2003
Neter et al., 2003 · Random-effects meta-analysis of weight-reduction trials.
This calculated scenario has no independent trial count. The whole review includes 25 trials and 4,874 participants; totals must not be added across rows.
Diet, physical activity or both produced weight loss. Multiplying the average per-kg coefficient assumes linearity; scenarios are not separate trials or personalized predictions.
Abstract: BP change expressed per kilogram. Checked 2026-10-20.
31. Exercise · Published pooled averageHIIT · dose varies across studiesMixed baseline BP across trials; proportions differ by exercise type · Comparison and sources−4.1 mmHgSBP difference
High-intensity interval training
Compared with
Non-intervention control
Population
Mixed baseline BP across trials; proportions differ by exercise type
Measurement
Resting SBP / DBP
Timing
At least 2 weeks; exact protocols vary
Published pooled average across study protocols, not a fixed-dose estimate. Dose varies across studies. Walking, running and cycling overlap with the broad aerobic category; these evidence sets and effects must not be added together.
Source and calculation · Edwards et al., 2023
Edwards et al., 2023 · Published pairwise meta-analysis; weighted mean differences.
49 effect sizes in the source analysis. The whole review includes 270 trials and 15,827 participants; totals must not be added across rows.
Exercise categories overlap: running, walking and cycling are subsets of aerobic exercise. Counts of effect sizes are not independent trial counts. Differences in baseline BP and protocols remain; ordering does not establish superiority.
32. Drug · Published pooled averageHydrochlorothiazide · 6.25 mg/dayPrimary hypertension; hydrochlorothiazide trial baseline about 155/100 mmHg · Comparison and sources−4.0 mmHgSBP difference
Hydrochlorothiazide 6.25 mg/day
Compared with
Placebo
Population
Primary hypertension; hydrochlorothiazide trial baseline about 155/100 mmHg
Measurement
Trough BP
Timing
3–12 weeks
Published abstract precision. The 33 hydrochlorothiazide trials span all doses; an estimate-specific count is not assigned.
Source and calculation · Musini et al., 2014
Musini et al., 2014 · Cochrane review of fixed-dose placebo-controlled monotherapy trials.
Estimate-specific trial count not verified. The whole review includes 60 trials and 11,282 participants; totals must not be added across rows.
Short-term trough BP; underlying trial populations differ from other categories. Abstract values are rounded to whole mmHg.
33. Sodium · Calculated from published sodium dose-responseSodium · 3.4 → 2.0 g/dayAdults with and without hypertension; predominantly hypertension trials · Comparison and sources−3.4 mmHgSBP difference
Achieve 2000 mg/day sodium from 3400 mg/day; 1400 mg/day reduction
Adults with and without hypertension; predominantly hypertension trials
Measurement
Source-defined BP; sodium exposure measured by 24-hour urinary excretion
Timing
Trials lasting at least 4 weeks
1400 ÷ 2300 × -5.56 mmHg. Calculated with the review's overall linear model; not a separate pooled trial result at this target. Assumes the target is achieved and urinary sodium change represents intake change. Sodium, not salt weight. The 3.4 g/day baseline is a scenario, not a universal starting intake. Response varies with baseline BP; do not add this to DASH or other diet effects.
Source and calculation · Filippini et al., 2021
Filippini et al., 2021 · Random-effects dose-response meta-analysis; overall linear model.
This calculated scenario has no independent trial count. The whole review includes 85 trials; totals must not be added across rows.
Predominantly hypertension trials; effect varies by baseline BP. The linear calculation is an approximation of the review dose-response, not an exact spline contrast or a personalized effect. Urinary sodium is treated as an intake proxy; targets describe achieved exposure, not prescribed adherence.
Results: overall linear regression per 100 mmol/day lower urinary sodium. Checked 2026-10-20.
34. Weight loss · Calculated from published per-kg estimateWeight loss · 3 kgAdults with varied baseline BP and medication use · Comparison and sources−3.2 mmHgSBP difference
3 kg net weight reduction
Compared with
No additional weight loss (calculated reference)
Population
Adults with varied baseline BP and medication use
Measurement
Source-defined BP; methods vary
Timing
Across source trial follow-up periods
3 × -1.05 mmHg/kg. Linear scenario from a published average coefficient, not a separate pooled result at 3 kg. Weight loss arose through diet, activity or both; their effects are not isolated. Do not add this to a diet/exercise effect.
Source and calculation · Neter et al., 2003
Neter et al., 2003 · Random-effects meta-analysis of weight-reduction trials.
This calculated scenario has no independent trial count. The whole review includes 25 trials and 4,874 participants; totals must not be added across rows.
Diet, physical activity or both produced weight loss. Multiplying the average per-kg coefficient assumes linearity; scenarios are not separate trials or personalized predictions.
Abstract: BP change expressed per kilogram. Checked 2026-10-20.
35. Exercise · Published pooled averageWalking · dose varies across studiesMixed baseline BP across trials; proportions differ by exercise type · Comparison and sources−2.9 mmHgSBP difference
Walking training
Compared with
Non-intervention control
Population
Mixed baseline BP across trials; proportions differ by exercise type
Measurement
Resting SBP / DBP
Timing
At least 2 weeks; exact protocols vary
Published pooled average across study protocols, not a fixed-dose estimate. Dose varies across studies. Walking, running and cycling overlap with the broad aerobic category; these evidence sets and effects must not be added together.
Source and calculation · Edwards et al., 2023
Edwards et al., 2023 · Published pairwise meta-analysis; weighted mean differences.
89 effect sizes in the source analysis. The whole review includes 270 trials and 15,827 participants; totals must not be added across rows.
Exercise categories overlap: running, walking and cycling are subsets of aerobic exercise. Counts of effect sizes are not independent trial counts. Differences in baseline BP and protocols remain; ordering does not establish superiority.
36. Sodium · Calculated from published sodium dose-responseSodium · 3.4 → 2.3 g/dayAdults with and without hypertension; predominantly hypertension trials · Comparison and sources−2.7 mmHgSBP difference
Achieve 2300 mg/day sodium from 3400 mg/day; 1100 mg/day reduction
Adults with and without hypertension; predominantly hypertension trials
Measurement
Source-defined BP; sodium exposure measured by 24-hour urinary excretion
Timing
Trials lasting at least 4 weeks
1100 ÷ 2300 × -5.56 mmHg. Calculated with the review's overall linear model; not a separate pooled trial result at this target. Assumes the target is achieved and urinary sodium change represents intake change. Sodium, not salt weight. The 3.4 g/day baseline is a scenario, not a universal starting intake. Response varies with baseline BP; do not add this to DASH or other diet effects.
Source and calculation · Filippini et al., 2021
Filippini et al., 2021 · Random-effects dose-response meta-analysis; overall linear model.
This calculated scenario has no independent trial count. The whole review includes 85 trials; totals must not be added across rows.
Predominantly hypertension trials; effect varies by baseline BP. The linear calculation is an approximation of the review dose-response, not an exact spline contrast or a personalized effect. Urinary sodium is treated as an intake proxy; targets describe achieved exposure, not prescribed adherence.
Results: overall linear regression per 100 mmol/day lower urinary sodium. Checked 2026-10-20.
37. Weight loss · Calculated from published per-kg estimateWeight loss · 2 kgAdults with varied baseline BP and medication use · Comparison and sources−2.1 mmHgSBP difference
2 kg net weight reduction
Compared with
No additional weight loss (calculated reference)
Population
Adults with varied baseline BP and medication use
Measurement
Source-defined BP; methods vary
Timing
Across source trial follow-up periods
2 × -1.05 mmHg/kg. Linear scenario from a published average coefficient, not a separate pooled result at 2 kg. Weight loss arose through diet, activity or both; their effects are not isolated. Do not add this to a diet/exercise effect.
Source and calculation · Neter et al., 2003
Neter et al., 2003 · Random-effects meta-analysis of weight-reduction trials.
This calculated scenario has no independent trial count. The whole review includes 25 trials and 4,874 participants; totals must not be added across rows.
Diet, physical activity or both produced weight loss. Multiplying the average per-kg coefficient assumes linearity; scenarios are not separate trials or personalized predictions.
Abstract: BP change expressed per kilogram. Checked 2026-10-20.
38. Supplement · Published pooled averageFish oil / Omega-3Mixed baseline BP across supplement trials · Comparison and sources−1.8 mmHgSBP difference
EPA+DHA supplements; formulations and doses vary; food interventions excluded
Compared with
Placebo oils (mostly olive or other vegetable oils)
Population
Mixed baseline BP across supplement trials
Measurement
Source-defined BP; measurement methods vary
Timing
Varies across included trials
Supplement-only subgroup; food interventions excluded. Formulations and doses vary. Placebo oils differ between trials.
82 effect sizes in the source analysis. The whole review includes 70 trials; totals must not be added across rows.
Includes food and supplement delivery, varied doses and durations. Review-level trial count is not reused as each subgroup count. Later reviews may use different dose-response models.
Published abstract and Table 3 supplement-only subgroup. Checked 2026-10-20.
39. Weight loss · Calculated from published per-kg estimateWeight loss · 1 kgAdults with varied baseline BP and medication use · Comparison and sources−1.1 mmHgSBP difference
1 kg net weight reduction
Compared with
No additional weight loss (calculated reference)
Population
Adults with varied baseline BP and medication use
Measurement
Source-defined BP; methods vary
Timing
Across source trial follow-up periods
1 × -1.05 mmHg/kg. Linear scenario from a published average coefficient, not a separate pooled result at 1 kg. Weight loss arose through diet, activity or both; their effects are not isolated. Do not add this to a diet/exercise effect.
Source and calculation · Neter et al., 2003
Neter et al., 2003 · Random-effects meta-analysis of weight-reduction trials.
This calculated scenario has no independent trial count. The whole review includes 25 trials and 4,874 participants; totals must not be added across rows.
Diet, physical activity or both produced weight loss. Multiplying the average per-kg coefficient assumes linearity; scenarios are not separate trials or personalized predictions.
Abstract: BP change expressed per kilogram. Checked 2026-10-20.
40. Sodium · Calculated from published sodium dose-responseSodium · 3.4 → 3.0 g/dayAdults with and without hypertension; predominantly hypertension trials · Comparison and sources−1.0 mmHgSBP difference
Achieve 3000 mg/day sodium from 3400 mg/day; 400 mg/day reduction
Adults with and without hypertension; predominantly hypertension trials
Measurement
Source-defined BP; sodium exposure measured by 24-hour urinary excretion
Timing
Trials lasting at least 4 weeks
400 ÷ 2300 × -5.56 mmHg. Calculated with the review's overall linear model; not a separate pooled trial result at this target. Assumes the target is achieved and urinary sodium change represents intake change. Sodium, not salt weight. The 3.4 g/day baseline is a scenario, not a universal starting intake. Response varies with baseline BP; do not add this to DASH or other diet effects.
Source and calculation · Filippini et al., 2021
Filippini et al., 2021 · Random-effects dose-response meta-analysis; overall linear model.
This calculated scenario has no independent trial count. The whole review includes 85 trials; totals must not be added across rows.
Predominantly hypertension trials; effect varies by baseline BP. The linear calculation is an approximation of the review dose-response, not an exact spline contrast or a personalized effect. Urinary sodium is treated as an intake proxy; targets describe achieved exposure, not prescribed adherence.
Results: overall linear regression per 100 mmol/day lower urinary sodium. Checked 2026-10-20.
41. Supplement · Published pooled averageVitamin DMixed baseline BP; trial populations differ by supplement · Comparison and sources0.0 mmHgSBP difference
Vitamin D or analogues vs placebo
Compared with
Placebo
Population
Mixed baseline BP; trial populations differ by supplement
Measurement
Source-defined BP; measurement methods differ by review
Timing
At least 4 weeks
Placebo-controlled synthesis; formulations and doses vary. No fixed-dose effect is implied.
Estimate-specific trial count not verified. The whole review includes 46 trials and 4,541 participants; totals must not be added across rows.
Includes vitamin D and analogues for different indications. Exact zero is a reported estimate, not missing data. No claim of benefit follows from ordering.
42. Diet · Published pooled averagePlant-based · 100% vegan prescriptionAdults without established cardiovascular disease, including adults at increased risk · Comparison and sources+0.9 mmHgSBP difference
Vegan prescription excluding animal products
Compared with
No or minimal dietary intervention
Population
Adults without established cardiovascular disease, including adults at increased risk
Measurement
Between-group BP change
Timing
At least 12 weeks of follow-up
100% describes the prescribed exclusion of animal products, not achieved adherence. Low-certainty evidence; the positive SBP point estimate does not establish harm. Other active diets are excluded.
Source and calculation · Rees et al., 2021
Rees et al., 2021 · Cochrane review of randomized vegan-diet trials.
3 trials in the source analysis. The whole review includes 13 trials; totals must not be added across rows.
Low-certainty BP evidence; no clear BP benefit established. Vegan describes the prescribed diet, not verified 100% adherence. Do not substitute observational vegetarian associations.
Comparison 1, BP analyses 1.5 and 1.6; abstract. Checked 2026-10-20.
Coverage: 20 of 99 catalog interventions in this ranking. Other source evidence and additional population-specific averages remain available in the other views. Single studies, active-treatment comparisons, and class-borrowed drug values are not promoted into this ranking.
Average effect by intervention
Each row is a published average across studies for an intervention and comparison. Choose the population and comparison, then sort its pooled SBP effects.
Initial pooled coverage: 19 of 99 interventions.
Exercise vs no exercise · mixed BP populations
Population
Mixed baseline BP across trials; proportions differ by exercise type
Compared with
Non-intervention control
Measurement
Resting SBP / DBP
Timing
Training lasting at least 2 weeks; durations vary
Negative means lower BP than the stated comparator. These averages retain the studies’ populations and protocols; numerical order does not establish which treatment is superior.
Walking, running and cycling also contribute to the broad aerobic category. These evidence sets overlap.
8 intervention averages · SBP · mmHg
Isometric
Isometric exercise training
24 effect sizes / measured groups pooled
−8.2 mmHg
Pooled average SBP
Lower BP for this contrast. At least 2 weeks; exact protocols vary.
How this average was calculated and selected
Published synthesis
Edwards et al., 2023 · Published pairwise meta-analysis; weighted mean differences
Evidence count
The whole review includes 270 trials and 15,827 participants. Review totals span all analyses. A verified count for this estimate is shown above when available. Effect-size counts can include multiple results per trial.
Selection
One common review for exercise categories and subtypes; primary pairwise estimates, independently of effect size.
Limits and overlap
Exercise categories overlap: running, walking and cycling are subsets of aerobic exercise. Counts of effect sizes are not independent trial counts. Differences in baseline BP and protocols remain; ordering does not establish superiority.
Source check
Results; Figures 2–3; supplement Table S4. Checked 2026-10-19. Published pairwise result, rounded as in the article. Exercise type follows the named analysis, correcting the catalog-wide combined-exercise label.
Cycling
Cycling training
28 effect sizes / measured groups pooled
−6.9 mmHg
Pooled average SBP
Lower BP for this contrast. At least 2 weeks; exact protocols vary.
How this average was calculated and selected
Published synthesis
Edwards et al., 2023 · Published pairwise meta-analysis; weighted mean differences
Evidence count
The whole review includes 270 trials and 15,827 participants. Review totals span all analyses. A verified count for this estimate is shown above when available. Effect-size counts can include multiple results per trial.
Selection
One common review for exercise categories and subtypes; primary pairwise estimates, independently of effect size.
Limits and overlap
Exercise categories overlap: running, walking and cycling are subsets of aerobic exercise. Counts of effect sizes are not independent trial counts. Differences in baseline BP and protocols remain; ordering does not establish superiority.
Source check
Results; Figures 2–3; supplement Table S4. Checked 2026-10-19. Published aerobic-subtype pooled result from Figures 2–3; separate from the overall aerobic average.
Running
Running training
21 effect sizes / measured groups pooled
−6.8 mmHg
Pooled average SBP
Lower BP for this contrast. At least 2 weeks; exact protocols vary.
How this average was calculated and selected
Published synthesis
Edwards et al., 2023 · Published pairwise meta-analysis; weighted mean differences
Evidence count
The whole review includes 270 trials and 15,827 participants. Review totals span all analyses. A verified count for this estimate is shown above when available. Effect-size counts can include multiple results per trial.
Selection
One common review for exercise categories and subtypes; primary pairwise estimates, independently of effect size.
Limits and overlap
Exercise categories overlap: running, walking and cycling are subsets of aerobic exercise. Counts of effect sizes are not independent trial counts. Differences in baseline BP and protocols remain; ordering does not establish superiority.
Source check
Results; Figures 2–3; supplement Table S4. Checked 2026-10-19. Published aerobic-subtype pooled result from Figures 2–3; separate from the overall aerobic average.
Aerobic + Resistance
Combined aerobic and resistance training
46 effect sizes / measured groups pooled
−6.0 mmHg
Pooled average SBP
Lower BP for this contrast. At least 2 weeks; exact protocols vary.
How this average was calculated and selected
Published synthesis
Edwards et al., 2023 · Published pairwise meta-analysis; weighted mean differences
Evidence count
The whole review includes 270 trials and 15,827 participants. Review totals span all analyses. A verified count for this estimate is shown above when available. Effect-size counts can include multiple results per trial.
Selection
One common review for exercise categories and subtypes; primary pairwise estimates, independently of effect size.
Limits and overlap
Exercise categories overlap: running, walking and cycling are subsets of aerobic exercise. Counts of effect sizes are not independent trial counts. Differences in baseline BP and protocols remain; ordering does not establish superiority.
Source check
Results; Figures 2–3; supplement Table S4. Checked 2026-10-19. Published pairwise result, rounded as in the article. Exercise type follows the named analysis, correcting the catalog-wide combined-exercise label.
Resistance
Dynamic resistance training
57 effect sizes / measured groups pooled
−4.6 mmHg
Pooled average SBP
Lower BP for this contrast. At least 2 weeks; exact protocols vary.
How this average was calculated and selected
Published synthesis
Edwards et al., 2023 · Published pairwise meta-analysis; weighted mean differences
Evidence count
The whole review includes 270 trials and 15,827 participants. Review totals span all analyses. A verified count for this estimate is shown above when available. Effect-size counts can include multiple results per trial.
Selection
One common review for exercise categories and subtypes; primary pairwise estimates, independently of effect size.
Limits and overlap
Exercise categories overlap: running, walking and cycling are subsets of aerobic exercise. Counts of effect sizes are not independent trial counts. Differences in baseline BP and protocols remain; ordering does not establish superiority.
Source check
Results; Figures 2–3; supplement Table S4. Checked 2026-10-19. Published pairwise result, rounded as in the article. Exercise type follows the named analysis, correcting the catalog-wide combined-exercise label.
Mixed aerobic
Aerobic training, all modes
182 effect sizes / measured groups pooled
−4.5 mmHg
Pooled average SBP
Lower BP for this contrast. At least 2 weeks; exact protocols vary.
How this average was calculated and selected
Published synthesis
Edwards et al., 2023 · Published pairwise meta-analysis; weighted mean differences
Evidence count
The whole review includes 270 trials and 15,827 participants. Review totals span all analyses. A verified count for this estimate is shown above when available. Effect-size counts can include multiple results per trial.
Selection
One common review for exercise categories and subtypes; primary pairwise estimates, independently of effect size.
Limits and overlap
Exercise categories overlap: running, walking and cycling are subsets of aerobic exercise. Counts of effect sizes are not independent trial counts. Differences in baseline BP and protocols remain; ordering does not establish superiority.
Source check
Results; Figures 2–3; supplement Table S4. Checked 2026-10-19. Published pairwise result, rounded as in the article. Exercise type follows the named analysis, correcting the catalog-wide combined-exercise label.
HIIT
High-intensity interval training
49 effect sizes / measured groups pooled
−4.1 mmHg
Pooled average SBP
Lower BP for this contrast. At least 2 weeks; exact protocols vary.
How this average was calculated and selected
Published synthesis
Edwards et al., 2023 · Published pairwise meta-analysis; weighted mean differences
Evidence count
The whole review includes 270 trials and 15,827 participants. Review totals span all analyses. A verified count for this estimate is shown above when available. Effect-size counts can include multiple results per trial.
Selection
One common review for exercise categories and subtypes; primary pairwise estimates, independently of effect size.
Limits and overlap
Exercise categories overlap: running, walking and cycling are subsets of aerobic exercise. Counts of effect sizes are not independent trial counts. Differences in baseline BP and protocols remain; ordering does not establish superiority.
Source check
Results; Figures 2–3; supplement Table S4. Checked 2026-10-19. Published pairwise result, rounded as in the article. Exercise type follows the named analysis, correcting the catalog-wide combined-exercise label.
Walking / step counting
Walking training
89 effect sizes / measured groups pooled
−2.9 mmHg
Pooled average SBP
Lower BP for this contrast. At least 2 weeks; exact protocols vary.
How this average was calculated and selected
Published synthesis
Edwards et al., 2023 · Published pairwise meta-analysis; weighted mean differences
Evidence count
The whole review includes 270 trials and 15,827 participants. Review totals span all analyses. A verified count for this estimate is shown above when available. Effect-size counts can include multiple results per trial.
Selection
One common review for exercise categories and subtypes; primary pairwise estimates, independently of effect size.
Limits and overlap
Exercise categories overlap: running, walking and cycling are subsets of aerobic exercise. Counts of effect sizes are not independent trial counts. Differences in baseline BP and protocols remain; ordering does not establish superiority.
Source check
Results; Figures 2–3; supplement Table S4. Checked 2026-10-19. Published aerobic-subtype pooled result from Figures 2–3; separate from the overall aerobic average.
How averages are chosen
One published pooled estimate per intervention, comparison, population and outcome. Reviews are selected for relevant scope and a verifiable pooled analysis, not magnitude. Do not average overlapping reviews, subgroups or primary records into these published averages. This is a reviewed display set, not a new all-corpus meta-analysis or claim of latest exhaustive review coverage.
The app displays the review authors’ pooled result. It does not average meta-analyses together or add their underlying trials again. Individual studies and dose-response slopes are available in the source-results view.
Outside this comparison · 91 catalog entries
A reviewed average is available in another comparison or outcome.
No reviewed pooled average in this view yet. Individual source evidence remains available; no single-study or catalog mean is substituted.
No reviewed pooled average in this view yet. Individual source evidence remains available; no single-study or catalog mean is substituted.
No reviewed pooled average in this view yet. Individual source evidence remains available; no single-study or catalog mean is substituted.
A reviewed average is available in another comparison or outcome.
No reviewed pooled average in this view yet. Individual source evidence remains available; no single-study or catalog mean is substituted.
A reviewed average is available in another comparison or outcome.
No reviewed pooled average in this view yet. Individual source evidence remains available; no single-study or catalog mean is substituted.
No reviewed pooled average in this view yet. Individual source evidence remains available; no single-study or catalog mean is substituted.
A reviewed average is available in another comparison or outcome.
No reviewed pooled average in this view yet. Individual source evidence remains available; no single-study or catalog mean is substituted.
No reviewed pooled average in this view yet. Individual source evidence remains available; no single-study or catalog mean is substituted.
No reviewed pooled average in this view yet. Individual source evidence remains available; no single-study or catalog mean is substituted.
No reviewed pooled average in this view yet. Individual source evidence remains available; no single-study or catalog mean is substituted.
No reviewed pooled average in this view yet. Individual source evidence remains available; no single-study or catalog mean is substituted.
No reviewed pooled average in this view yet. Individual source evidence remains available; no single-study or catalog mean is substituted.
No reviewed pooled average in this view yet. Individual source evidence remains available; no single-study or catalog mean is substituted.
No reviewed pooled average in this view yet. Individual source evidence remains available; no single-study or catalog mean is substituted.
A reviewed average is available in another comparison or outcome.
No reviewed pooled average in this view yet. Individual source evidence remains available; no single-study or catalog mean is substituted.
No reviewed pooled average in this view yet. Individual source evidence remains available; no single-study or catalog mean is substituted.
No reviewed pooled average in this view yet. Individual source evidence remains available; no single-study or catalog mean is substituted.
No reviewed pooled average in this view yet. Individual source evidence remains available; no single-study or catalog mean is substituted.
No reviewed pooled average in this view yet. Individual source evidence remains available; no single-study or catalog mean is substituted.
No reviewed pooled average in this view yet. Individual source evidence remains available; no single-study or catalog mean is substituted.
A reviewed average is available in another comparison or outcome.
No reviewed pooled average in this view yet. Individual source evidence remains available; no single-study or catalog mean is substituted.
No reviewed pooled average in this view yet. Individual source evidence remains available; no single-study or catalog mean is substituted.
No reviewed pooled average in this view yet. Individual source evidence remains available; no single-study or catalog mean is substituted.
No reviewed pooled average in this view yet. Individual source evidence remains available; no single-study or catalog mean is substituted.
A reviewed average is available in another comparison or outcome.
No reviewed pooled average in this view yet. Individual source evidence remains available; no single-study or catalog mean is substituted.
No reviewed pooled average in this view yet. Individual source evidence remains available; no single-study or catalog mean is substituted.
No reviewed pooled average in this view yet. Individual source evidence remains available; no single-study or catalog mean is substituted.
No reviewed pooled average in this view yet. Individual source evidence remains available; no single-study or catalog mean is substituted.
No reviewed pooled average in this view yet. Individual source evidence remains available; no single-study or catalog mean is substituted.
No reviewed pooled average in this view yet. Individual source evidence remains available; no single-study or catalog mean is substituted.
No reviewed pooled average in this view yet. Individual source evidence remains available; no single-study or catalog mean is substituted.
No reviewed pooled average in this view yet. Individual source evidence remains available; no single-study or catalog mean is substituted.
No reviewed pooled average in this view yet. Individual source evidence remains available; no single-study or catalog mean is substituted.
No reviewed pooled average in this view yet. Individual source evidence remains available; no single-study or catalog mean is substituted.
No reviewed pooled average in this view yet. Individual source evidence remains available; no single-study or catalog mean is substituted.
No reviewed pooled average in this view yet. Individual source evidence remains available; no single-study or catalog mean is substituted.
No reviewed pooled average in this view yet. Individual source evidence remains available; no single-study or catalog mean is substituted.
No reviewed pooled average in this view yet. Individual source evidence remains available; no single-study or catalog mean is substituted.
No reviewed pooled average in this view yet. Individual source evidence remains available; no single-study or catalog mean is substituted.
No reviewed pooled average in this view yet. Individual source evidence remains available; no single-study or catalog mean is substituted.
No reviewed pooled average in this view yet. Individual source evidence remains available; no single-study or catalog mean is substituted.
No reviewed pooled average in this view yet. Individual source evidence remains available; no single-study or catalog mean is substituted.
No reviewed pooled average in this view yet. Individual source evidence remains available; no single-study or catalog mean is substituted.
No reviewed pooled average in this view yet. Individual source evidence remains available; no single-study or catalog mean is substituted.
A reviewed average is available in another comparison or outcome.
No reviewed pooled average in this view yet. Individual source evidence remains available; no single-study or catalog mean is substituted.
No reviewed pooled average in this view yet. Individual source evidence remains available; no single-study or catalog mean is substituted.
No reviewed pooled average in this view yet. Individual source evidence remains available; no single-study or catalog mean is substituted.
No reviewed pooled average in this view yet. Individual source evidence remains available; no single-study or catalog mean is substituted.
No reviewed pooled average in this view yet. Individual source evidence remains available; no single-study or catalog mean is substituted.
No reviewed pooled average in this view yet. Individual source evidence remains available; no single-study or catalog mean is substituted.
No reviewed pooled average in this view yet. Individual source evidence remains available; no single-study or catalog mean is substituted.
No reviewed pooled average in this view yet. Individual source evidence remains available; no single-study or catalog mean is substituted.
No reviewed pooled average in this view yet. Individual source evidence remains available; no single-study or catalog mean is substituted.
No reviewed pooled average in this view yet. Individual source evidence remains available; no single-study or catalog mean is substituted.
No reviewed pooled average in this view yet. Individual source evidence remains available; no single-study or catalog mean is substituted.
A reviewed average is available in another comparison or outcome.
No reviewed pooled average in this view yet. Individual source evidence remains available; no single-study or catalog mean is substituted.
No reviewed pooled average in this view yet. Individual source evidence remains available; no single-study or catalog mean is substituted.
No reviewed pooled average in this view yet. Individual source evidence remains available; no single-study or catalog mean is substituted.
No reviewed pooled average in this view yet. Individual source evidence remains available; no single-study or catalog mean is substituted.
No reviewed pooled average in this view yet. Individual source evidence remains available; no single-study or catalog mean is substituted.
No reviewed pooled average in this view yet. Individual source evidence remains available; no single-study or catalog mean is substituted.
No reviewed pooled average in this view yet. Individual source evidence remains available; no single-study or catalog mean is substituted.
No reviewed pooled average in this view yet. Individual source evidence remains available; no single-study or catalog mean is substituted.
No reviewed pooled average in this view yet. Individual source evidence remains available; no single-study or catalog mean is substituted.
No reviewed pooled average in this view yet. Individual source evidence remains available; no single-study or catalog mean is substituted.
No reviewed pooled average in this view yet. Individual source evidence remains available; no single-study or catalog mean is substituted.
No reviewed pooled average in this view yet. Individual source evidence remains available; no single-study or catalog mean is substituted.
No reviewed pooled average in this view yet. Individual source evidence remains available; no single-study or catalog mean is substituted.
No reviewed pooled average in this view yet. Individual source evidence remains available; no single-study or catalog mean is substituted.
No reviewed pooled average in this view yet. Individual source evidence remains available; no single-study or catalog mean is substituted.
No reviewed pooled average in this view yet. Individual source evidence remains available; no single-study or catalog mean is substituted.
No reviewed pooled average in this view yet. Individual source evidence remains available; no single-study or catalog mean is substituted.
A reviewed average is available in another comparison or outcome.
No reviewed pooled average in this view yet. Individual source evidence remains available; no single-study or catalog mean is substituted.
No reviewed pooled average in this view yet. Individual source evidence remains available; no single-study or catalog mean is substituted.
No reviewed pooled average in this view yet. Individual source evidence remains available; no single-study or catalog mean is substituted.
No reviewed pooled average in this view yet. Individual source evidence remains available; no single-study or catalog mean is substituted.
No reviewed pooled average in this view yet. Individual source evidence remains available; no single-study or catalog mean is substituted.
A reviewed average is available in another comparison or outcome.
No reviewed pooled average in this view yet. Individual source evidence remains available; no single-study or catalog mean is substituted.
No reviewed pooled average in this view yet. Individual source evidence remains available; no single-study or catalog mean is substituted.
No reviewed pooled average in this view yet. Individual source evidence remains available; no single-study or catalog mean is substituted.
Reviewed pooled averages cover 19 of 99 interventions, from 13 published reviews. All catalog entries remain accessible. Version 2026-10-20.
Sort reported study results
Choose a comparison group, then order its reported SBP differences. Populations, doses and protocols remain as studied. Position does not predict your response.
Initial reviewed set · 11 of 99 interventions
Exercise vs no added exercise · hypertension · 12 weeks
Population
Inactive adult men with stage 1–2 hypertension, Ethiopia
Compared with
Non-exercising control in the same trial; medication regimen not fully reported
Measurement
Resting seated brachial BP; morning automated readings before medication
Timing
12 weeks on program; time since last exercise session not reported
Within this trial only. Numerical order does not establish treatment superiority or predict an individual response.
3 selected SBP results · 3 interventions · mmHg. Negative means lower BP for the stated comparison.
Aerobic + Resistance
Supervised combined aerobic and resistance training; 60-minute sessions
Other reviewed comparison groups (9)Outside this numerical order · 96 catalog entries
Unreviewed or incompatible results stay outside the sort. No estimate is replaced with zero.
No result selected for sorting yet. Source value, units, comparison and context require review.
No result selected for sorting yet. Source value, units, comparison and context require review.
No result selected for sorting yet. Source value, units, comparison and context require review.
No result selected for sorting yet. Source value, units, comparison and context require review.
No result selected for sorting yet. Source value, units, comparison and context require review.
No result selected for sorting yet. Source value, units, comparison and context require review.
No result selected for sorting yet. Source value, units, comparison and context require review.
No result selected for sorting yet. Source value, units, comparison and context require review.
No result selected for sorting yet. Source value, units, comparison and context require review.
No result selected for sorting yet. Source value, units, comparison and context require review.
No result selected for sorting yet. Source value, units, comparison and context require review.
No result selected for sorting yet. Source value, units, comparison and context require review.
No SBP/DBP estimate in this catalog. This does not establish no effect.
No SBP/DBP estimate in this catalog. This does not establish no effect.
No result selected for sorting yet. Source value, units, comparison and context require review.
No result selected for sorting yet. Source value, units, comparison and context require review.
No result selected for sorting yet. Source value, units, comparison and context require review.
No result selected for sorting yet. Source value, units, comparison and context require review.
No SBP/DBP estimate in this catalog. This does not establish no effect.
No result selected for sorting yet. Source value, units, comparison and context require review.
Reviewed results exist in another group or outcome.
No result selected for sorting yet. Source value, units, comparison and context require review.
No SBP/DBP estimate in this catalog. This does not establish no effect.
No result selected for sorting yet. Source value, units, comparison and context require review.
No result selected for sorting yet. Source value, units, comparison and context require review.
No result selected for sorting yet. Source value, units, comparison and context require review.
No result selected for sorting yet. Source value, units, comparison and context require review.
No result selected for sorting yet. Source value, units, comparison and context require review.
No result selected for sorting yet. Source value, units, comparison and context require review.
No SBP/DBP estimate in this catalog. This does not establish no effect.
No SBP/DBP estimate in this catalog. This does not establish no effect.
No result selected for sorting yet. Source value, units, comparison and context require review.
No result selected for sorting yet. Source value, units, comparison and context require review.
No result selected for sorting yet. Source value, units, comparison and context require review.
No result selected for sorting yet. Source value, units, comparison and context require review.
No SBP/DBP estimate in this catalog. This does not establish no effect.
Existing display policy withholds these numbers. Source context remains available.
No SBP/DBP estimate in this catalog. This does not establish no effect.
No result selected for sorting yet. Source value, units, comparison and context require review.
No SBP/DBP estimate in this catalog. This does not establish no effect.
No result selected for sorting yet. Source value, units, comparison and context require review.
Reviewed results exist in another group or outcome.
No result selected for sorting yet. Source value, units, comparison and context require review.
No result selected for sorting yet. Source value, units, comparison and context require review.
No result selected for sorting yet. Source value, units, comparison and context require review.
No result selected for sorting yet. Source value, units, comparison and context require review.
Reviewed results exist in another group or outcome.
No result selected for sorting yet. Source value, units, comparison and context require review.
No result selected for sorting yet. Source value, units, comparison and context require review.
No SBP/DBP estimate in this catalog. This does not establish no effect.
No result selected for sorting yet. Source value, units, comparison and context require review.
No result selected for sorting yet. Source value, units, comparison and context require review.
No result selected for sorting yet. Source value, units, comparison and context require review.
No SBP/DBP estimate in this catalog. This does not establish no effect.
No result selected for sorting yet. Source value, units, comparison and context require review.
Reviewed results exist in another group or outcome.
Existing display policy withholds these numbers. Source context remains available.
No result selected for sorting yet. Source value, units, comparison and context require review.
No result selected for sorting yet. Source value, units, comparison and context require review.
No result selected for sorting yet. Source value, units, comparison and context require review.
Existing display policy withholds these numbers. Source context remains available.
Reviewed results exist in another group or outcome.
No SBP/DBP estimate in this catalog. This does not establish no effect.
No SBP/DBP estimate in this catalog. This does not establish no effect.
No result selected for sorting yet. Source value, units, comparison and context require review.
No result selected for sorting yet. Source value, units, comparison and context require review.
No result selected for sorting yet. Source value, units, comparison and context require review.
No result selected for sorting yet. Source value, units, comparison and context require review.
No result selected for sorting yet. Source value, units, comparison and context require review.
No result selected for sorting yet. Source value, units, comparison and context require review.
No result selected for sorting yet. Source value, units, comparison and context require review.
No SBP/DBP estimate in this catalog. This does not establish no effect.
No SBP/DBP estimate in this catalog. This does not establish no effect.
No SBP/DBP estimate in this catalog. This does not establish no effect.
No SBP/DBP estimate in this catalog. This does not establish no effect.
Existing display policy withholds these numbers. Source context remains available.
Reviewed results exist in another group or outcome.
No result selected for sorting yet. Source value, units, comparison and context require review.
No result selected for sorting yet. Source value, units, comparison and context require review.
No result selected for sorting yet. Source value, units, comparison and context require review.
No result selected for sorting yet. Source value, units, comparison and context require review.
Reviewed results exist in another group or outcome.
No result selected for sorting yet. Source value, units, comparison and context require review.
No result selected for sorting yet. Source value, units, comparison and context require review.
No SBP/DBP estimate in this catalog. This does not establish no effect.
No result selected for sorting yet. Source value, units, comparison and context require review.
No result selected for sorting yet. Source value, units, comparison and context require review.
No result selected for sorting yet. Source value, units, comparison and context require review.
No result selected for sorting yet. Source value, units, comparison and context require review.
No SBP/DBP estimate in this catalog. This does not establish no effect.
No result selected for sorting yet. Source value, units, comparison and context require review.
No result selected for sorting yet. Source value, units, comparison and context require review.
Reviewed results exist in another group or outcome.
No result selected for sorting yet. Source value, units, comparison and context require review.
No SBP/DBP estimate in this catalog. This does not establish no effect.
No result selected for sorting yet. Source value, units, comparison and context require review.
25 selected SBP/DBP points from 7 source reports across 11 interventions. Source reports and repeated contrasts are not counts of independent studies. Selection version 2026-10-19.1.